1834-1871: Analytic Machine using perforated cardboard cards, for processing logic symbols (which is the basis of Artificial Intelligence), and up to 100 numbers of 40 ciphers each, using numbering base of ten, by Charles Babbage. It is used for solving logical relations, mainly applied to Artificial Intelligence and expert systems, similar to Lisp. Some of those quasi natural languages are intended to be immediately interpreted, others are meant to be translated later, and others can be interpreted or translated (Basic, Forth or Lisp are examples of the latter). Fingers of the hand, stone pebbles or wooden sticks can be used for this. Computer simulation can be programmed with almost any language, though those languages that are specific for simulation can make the programming work easier or more efficient. See the Simula language for a short description on the concept of simulation languages. Those characters, when used in this document, have been encoded as entities of Hyper Text Mark-up Language or sometimes in Unicode UTF-8. Although improvements made in Computing advance at an incredible speed, devices or machines that could be considered as a kind of primitive computers have been projected, or have been tentatively or effectively built, for the last two hundred to four hundred years.

History of Computing Including advances in Mathematics, Physics, Electronics and related disciplines The false notion of the computer as a "modern" invention The impressive boom of computers in the last few years makes many ignorants think that they represent a totally new invention, but it is not so. Used mostly to design flying machines, it was in service until 1945, when it was carried out of Berlin and hidden for many years. A famous arithmetical competition was organised in 1946, confronting two well known specialists in calculations: a soldier of the United States Army using an electro-mechanic desktop calculator, and a clerk of the Japanese Postal Service using a typical Japanese abacus. In 1981 Ada became official standard for military applications in the United States. Reference. It never became official, but it inspired the creation of tables for HTML 3.2, 4.0 and 4.01, plus other improvements in official HTML specifications. At this time, DARPA was no longer the main financial supporter of Internet, that responsibility having been taken by the National Science Foundation and by other official departments in North America, in Great Britain, and in a few other European nations. In 1991, specialists of the Science Museum in Kensington finally built the Analytic Machine of Charles Babbage, that worked correctly and with a precision of 31 decimals.

1779: calculator machine for adding, substracting, multiplying or dividing, by Mattieu Hahn. Taking the word "computer" in its etymological sense of "counter" or "calculator", some of those primitive computers are: -The calculation devices of John Napier in 1617, of William Oughtred in 1621-1627, and of Bissaker in 1654. -The calculator machines of Heinrich Schickart in 1623, of Blaise Pascal in 1642-1652, of Sir Samuel Morland about 1660, of Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1694, and of Mattieu Hahn in 1779. Besides those purely mathematical calculators, the first automatic machines were built by M. Falcon in 1728, by Basile Bouchon in those years, and by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801-1804. The first mechanic computers were tentatively built by Charles Babbage in 1821-1834 and in 1834-1871, although they were never finished by him. The Pentium II was based on a modified version of the P6 core first used for the Pentium Pro, but with an improved 16-bit performance and the addition of the MMX SIMD instruction set that had already been introduced in Pentium MMX. If you make it to the checkout section, we have included the invoice option in addition to the card payment option. Early 80486 DX chips that were found to have defective FPU's were physically modified to disconnect the FPU portion of the chip, then sold as the 80486 SX (80486 SX 15, 80486 SX 20 and 80486 SX 25). An 80487 mathematic co-processor was available to 80486 SX users, which was essentially an 80486 DX with a working FPU and an extra pin added.

Still today they can be found at good stationery shops, but in the same fashion as with logarithmic tables, calculation rulers gradually fell out of favour in the 1970's, with the advent of electronic calculators. 1654: calculation slide ruler by Bissaker. This ruler was the forerunner of all calculation slide rulers of different forms that were built for three and a half centuries. 1642-1652: Pascaline, calculator machine of pinion wheels for adding two or three numbers, up to the number 999 999, using numbering base of ten, by Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). Several of them were built. 1623: calculator machine of pinion wheels for adding, using numbering base of ten, by Wilhelm Heinrich Schickart (or Schickard). Initially it accepted only code in numbering base of two for all of its input or output operations. Used in common calculators, the Intel 4004 was composed of 2 250 elements that if connected to other four integrated circuits gave a microcomputer of power comparable to the big computers of the mid 1950's, capable of adding two numbers of 4 bits in 11 microseconds. The true origins of computers or their ancestors The History of Computing begins with devices used as an aid for counting.

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